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Domestic violence/intimate partner violence
is a broad term that indicates violence in close or intimate
interpersonal relationships. This violence is known by many
names: intimate partner violence, wife abuse, wife battering,
spousal abuse, woman abuse, etc. Some define the term domestic
violence even broader to include child abuse, elder abuse,
or any close interpersonal relationship. Put simply it is
when one person purposely causes either physical or mental
harm to another when they are in a close personal relationship.
These crimes occur in both heterosexual and same-sex relationships.
Because the definition of intimate partner
violence/domestic violence (IPV/DV) varies from agency to
agency, state to state, obtaining accurate statistics is also
difficult.
It is also important to remember that abuse
rarely occurs in just one form; more frequently forms of abuse
occur in combinations. A woman who is physically abused is
also likely isolated and controlled by her partner; a woman
who is abused sexually may also be stalked and emotionally
abused.
IPV/DV is a serious, preventable public health
problem affecting more than 32 million Americans (Tjaden &
Thoennes, 2000a). It occurs on a continuum, ranging from one
assault that may or may not significantly impact the victim,
to chronic, repeated abuse, also known as battering (CDC,
2008).
There are four main types of IPV/DV (CDC,
2008; Saltzman, et al., 2002):
Physical violence is the intentional use of physical
force with the potential for causing death, disability,
injury, or harm. Physical violence includes, but is not
limited to: scratching, pushing, shoving, throwing, grabbing,
biting, choking, shaking, slapping, punching, burning, use
of a weapon, and use of restraints or one's body, size,
or strength against another person.
Sexual violence is divided into three categories:
- Use of physical force to compel a person to engage
in a sexual act against his or her will, whether or
not the act is completed;
- Attempted or completed sex act involving a person
who is unable to understand the nature or condition
of the act, to decline participation, or to communicate
unwillingness to engage in the sexual act, e.g., because
of illness, disability, or the influence of alcohol
or other drugs, or because of intimidation or pressure;
and
- Abusive sexual contact.
Threats of physical or sexual violence use words,
gestures, or weapons to communicate the intent to cause
death, disability, injury, or physical harm.
Psychological/emotional violence involves trauma
to the victim caused by acts, threats of acts, or coercive
tactics. Psychological/emotional abuse can include, but
is not limited to, humiliating the victim, controlling what
the victim can and cannot do, withholding information from
the victim, deliberately doing something to make the victim
feel diminished or embarrassed, isolating the victim from
friends and family, and denying the victim access to money
or other basic resources. It is considered psychological/emotional
violence when there has been prior physical or sexual violence
or prior threat of physical or sexual violence.
Stalking is often included among the types of IPV/DV,
either as a separate category, or it is including under psychological/emotional
violence.
Stalking is a pattern of repeated, unwanted attention, harassment,
and contact. It is a course of conduct that can include (NCVC,
2007):
- Following or laying in wait for the victim
- Repeated unwanted, intrusive, and frightening communications
from the perpetrator by phone, mail, and/or e-mail
- Damaging the victim's property
- Making direct or indirect threats to harm the victim,
the victim's children, relatives, friends, or pets
- Repeatedly sending the victim unwanted gifts
- Harassment through the Internet, known as cyberstalking,
online stalking, or Internet stalking
- Securing personal information about the victim by: accessing
public records (land records, phone listings, driver or
voter registration), using Internet search services, hiring
private investigators, contacting friends, family, work,
or neighbors, going through the victim's garbage, following
the victim, etc.
Stalking generally refers to repeated behavior that causes
victims to feel a high level of fear (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000a).
Stalking can be very traumatic and cause emotional stress.
Victims of stalking may have nightmares; feel out of control;
have trouble sleeping, eating, and concentrating; or feel
vulnerable or depressed. Stalking can also cause financial
stress if the victim loses time from work or can't go to work
(USDHHS, 2008).
One out of every 12 women has been stalked at some time in
her life. The majority of stalking victims are between 18
and 39 years old. The most common type of stalking is by a
person in a former personal or romantic relationship, like
an ex-husband; only a small number of women are stalked by
strangers (USDHHS, 2008).
Technology has become a quick and easy way for stalkers to
monitor and harass their victims. More than one in four stalking
victims reports that some form of cyberstalking was used against
them, such as email (83 percent of all cyberstalking victims)
or instant messaging (35 percent). Electronic monitoring of
some kind is used to stalk one in 13 victims (Baum, et al.,
2009).
One in five teen girls and one in ten younger teen girls
(age 13 to 16) have electronically sent or posted nude or
semi-nude photos or videos of themselves. Even more teen girls,
37 percent, have sent or posted sexually suggestive text,
email or IM (instant messages) (NCPTUP and CG, 2008).
More than half of teen girls (51 percent) say pressure from
a guy is a reason girls send sexy messages or images, while
only 18 percent of teen boys say pressure from a girl is a
reason. Twelve percent of teen girls who have sent sexually
suggestive messages or images say they felt "pressured" to
do so (NCPTUP & CG, 2008).
Statistics about IPV/DV vary because of differences in how
different data sources define IPV/DV and collect data. For
example, some definitions include stalking and psychological
abuse, and others consider only physical and sexual violence.
Legal definitions vary from state to state. Data on IPV/DV
usually come from police, clinical settings, nongovernmental
organizations, and survey research.
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